Alternatives To Promote Literature Education Essay

In Singapore, the revenue-generating touristry industry has ever been critical for our development. For illustration, it generated about a astonishing S $ 14.1 billion in tourer grosss in 2007[ 1 ], lending close to 5 % of our GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) . In recent old ages, our touristry industry has shown marks of stagnancy, even with the attempts by Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) to advance touristry. Diagram 1 shows the Butler ‘s Tourism Life-Cycle Model that illustrates the five chief phases that every state ‘s touristry industry will undergo. Every state will first get down at the geographic expedition phase and travel along the Cycle from Stage 1 onwards, as its touristry industry grows and develops. In 2003, there was grounds that Singapore was at the 4th phase, stagnancy, evident from the undermentioned grounds: The worsening growing in visitant Numberss Singapore ‘s touristry growing has been stagnating or even worsening since 1997 – 2003. Harmonizing to touristry informations, the figure of tourer reachings has been stagnating between 6 million to 7.5 million during this period, and for some old ages it has shown a negative per centum alteration from the old twelvemonth. The per centum alterations for these old ages are as follows: -1.30 % ( 1997 ) , -13.28 % ( 1998 ) , -2.20 % ( 2001 ) and -19.04 % ( 2003 ) .[ 2 ] Short tourer corsets On norm, tourers were merely remaining for 2 to 3 yearss, clearly demoing that Singapore ‘s tourer attractive forces were losing their entreaty.[ 3 ] Therefore, the Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) attempted to rejuvenate touristry, and to farther promote Singapore as a tourer finish by utilizing alternate attacks which we will analyze below: Advantages Disadvantages Convention: Ad Since 1990, Singapore has used runs to actively advance Singapore as a tourer finish. These runs use a multi-pronged attack to advance Singapore, such as through utilizing different signifiers of media for these advertisement runs. In 2004, STB used the tagline † Uniquely Singapore † to look the run to advance Singapore as a vibrant and voguish tourer finish. The current run ( since 2010 ) has the tagline â€Å" Your Singapore † , and aims to advance Singapore as an exciting finish. For illustration, STB has designed an synergistic web site ( YourSingapore.com ) to foreground the exciting and alone entreaties of Singapore ‘s touristry industry. The runs raise planetary consciousness of Singapore ‘s touristry and heighten our image. Requires capital which could hold been used to develop other countries, e.g. health care. Thus the demand for the S $ 2A ­billion Tourist Development Fund, of which a part of it was used for such candidacies ( merchandise development ) . The intent of this Fund is as follows: ( a ) Infrastructure Development: Developing critical substructure to back up touristry growing ( B ) Capability Development: Enhancing the capableness of Singapore-based travel and touristry participants every bit good as pulling universe category travel and touristry concerns and organisations to put up in Singapore ( degree Celsius ) Anchoring Iconic/Major Events: Attracting iconic or mega events that will foreground Singapore as a premier finish for Leisure, Business and Services client sections ( vitamin D ) Merchandise Development: Developing strategic touristry merchandises Can you believe of another disadvantage? I can non happen a manner to reply his first remark: ( Sorry Option: Changing Percepts and Images Singapore ‘s tourer attractive forces are turning older and losing entreaty ; therefore the demand for makeovers. After Jurong Bird park ‘s S $ 10A ­million makeover, visitant Numberss rose by 11 %[ 4 ]. Therefore, STB has allocated capital, through enterprises like BOOST[ 5 ]/Tourism Development Fund[ 6 ], of which a part of the financess are used to upgrade these tourer attractive forces. This alternate purposes to increase the satisfaction degree of tourers here such that they will be more likely to do repetition visits or utilize recommend Singapore as a finish ( viva-voce ) . Ensures that our attractive forces are invariably renewed, to heighten their entreaty to foreign tourers. These upgraded attractive forces can besides profit locals who visit these topographic points and better their satisfaction degree. Option: Collaboration MICE ( Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions ) touristry is one of the fastest turning sectors of the planetary touristry industry today. It involves states join forcesing with event organisers to keep their international events here. Through these events, more than 25 % of visitants to Singapore were attracted due to MICE touristry. Singapore organises around 6000 of such events every twelvemonth[ 7 ], such as the 2009 APEC ( Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ) Summit and the 2007 World Bank International Monetary Fund meeting. Raises Singapore ‘s profile in the universe, because these concern travelers would be exposed to the Singapore civilization and therefore would be more cognizant of our state. Generates gross for the touristry industry and related service suppliers. The Singapore Tourism Board estimates that by 2015, MICE touristry will lend a important 35 % of touristry gross.[ 8 ] Exhibition infinite is required for these concern events. Capital invested by the organizers to engage the needed work force and maintain and run these event infinites is diverted from local development utilizations. In the instance of a letup, the exhibition infinite is besides wasted. Need for options: We see that there was a demand for options because Singapore can non let our touristry industry to flag, due to the economical importance of our touristry industry, as established earlier. However, the effectivity of the convention, advertisement, is limited. The publicity runs conducted by STB purpose to alter favorably the tourer ‘s perceptual experience of Singapore as a tourer finish such that the person will be more likely to pick Singpore as a finish of pick. However, it was shown that merely about advertisement through the mass media merely brings in approximately 60 % of tourers. Therefore there was a demand to utilize other options to supplement the convention. Result: We see that the alternate methods have in fact rejuvenated Singapore ‘s touristry industry such that we are come oning along paths A or B on Diagram 1, because we see that visitant reachings have started on an upward tendency since 2003 and have been go oning on this tendency, which indicates that these options have been successful. I ‘m regretful, I truly can non believe of anything: ( Another manner from which we will travel on to farther measure the degree of success with mention to other lending factors in our Undertaking would be from the point of position of the assorted stakeholders in Singapore ‘s touristry industry, by measuring the impact of an increased figure of tourers to Singapore on the stakeholders, to acquire a more complete position of the impact of these options.By analyzing the benefits of advancing Singapore ‘s touristry industry to the assorted stakeholders, we see that the publicity of touristry industry in Singapore is besides similar to the publicity of Literature to Singapore ‘s young persons.Stakeholders Benefits to Stakeholder Foreign Visitors/Tourists Tourists benefit from the convenience of circuit bundles in the SEA part, because of the easiness of which they can travel from one finish to another. Furthermore, the improved touristry services will guarantee that tourers enjoy their stay more, guaranting in a higher degree of satisfaction for them. Locals Locals will be able to bask the upgraded installations, the consequence of touristry greening. These tourer attractive forces will besides hike employment in Singapore, because of the demand to engage Singaporeans to run these attractive forces, which would assist to cut down the unemployment rate in Singapore. Furthermore, when there is an increasing figure of tourers sing Singapore, the greater involvement by foreign visitants in Singapore ‘s local civilization will promote locals to be proud of this local civilization of theirs, and experience more inclined to protect it, STB A better executing tourer industry would bring forth more gross for the touristry industry in Singapore. Service Providers ( e.g. hotels ) When the tourer volume is increased, this benefits all the suppliers of subordinate services, such as hotels, because there will be a rise in the figure of tourers necessitating housing.2nd state of affairs which can be considered in a similar manner:2nd state of affairs: Promoting young person ‘s involvement in English Literature ( Poetry, Prose and Theatrical surveies )Conventional manner to advance literature:1. Humanistic disciplines tripsHumanistic disciplines trips are organized by secondary schools in Singapore for pupils. These abroad trips conducted during the school vacations, present pupils with the chance to see topographic points like United Kingdom, which is one of the chief beginnings of English Literature. As the cost of the fieldtrip is partly subsidized by schools carry oning them, pupils are to a great extent encouraged to fall in in these larning journeys. The UK Literature trip is frequently conducted with the purpose to: Supply an chance for a selected group of pupils to be exposed to UK ‘s rich literacy and cultural heritage Enhance pupils ‘ apprehension of literacy genres and critical analysis accomplishments through practical unfavorable judgment and authorship exercisings Learn independency and leading accomplishments as pupils are endeavored to look after themselves and one another over the full trip Allow pupils to hold a first-hand experience and further apprehension of the lives of assorted celebrated dramatists such as William Shakespeare every bit good have sing renowned dramas in celebrated theaters. Students frequently have to finish a undertaking during or after a trip, which could be in the signifier of a presentation of their experiences there or more literature-based assignments such as composing a verse form, inspired from what they see. As there is no right or incorrect replies in literature, pupils have the freedom to exert their creativeness – in contrast to the strict and stiff course of study of other topics. This can trip an involvement in literature among pupils. However, the figure of topographic points available for such trips frequently limited to less than 50 people and therefore merely a little proportion of the cohort will be able to go to it. Furthermore, an 8 twenty-four hours trip will be a pupil approximately SGD $ 3000 after subsidy, which may discourage pupils from subscribing up for the trip. A big proportion of the pupil population will non be able to take portion in this enriching journey.2. Integration of play into the lower secondary course of studyDrama as mandatory faculty in course of study -Many secondary schools in Singapore integrated play as a compulsory faculty in lower secondary as portion of the instruction for literature. Outside trainers ( normally attached to theatre companies ) are frequently employed to run workshops for the pupils. Students have to move out parts of a drama in forepart of an audience in groups, in which they are graded for the concluding merchandise every bit good as the procedure of fixing for it. They have to carry through the different functions required in the readying of a drama such the manager and the histrions, with the aid of a instructor or trainer for counsel. This serves to: Spur pupils ‘ imaginativeness, as they may be required to improvize and compose their ain version of the dramas. Allow pupils to derive a greater penetration into the drama they are moving every bit good as into play as pupils will hold an in-depth apprehension of the drama before they are able to move it out Improve teamwork and leading accomplishments as pupil have to work in groups and settle jobs that may happen by themselves Construct up assurance Promote literature as a merriment topic that is non merely bound to the schoolroom and booksCompetitions-Inter-class Drama Competition can be carried out in lower secondary that allows pupils to take up specific functions of characters in the literature drama and move it out in forepart of an audience. This builds assurance in pupils every bit good as to derive a better apprehension of characters in the novel and able to analyze the text better. This builds involvement in lower secondary pupils as they get to see dramatisation of characters in the drama and learning literature through a merriment and prosecuting manner. -Literature Den Competition can be carried out in lower secondary, with the purpose of adorning the schoolroom harmonizing to a subject given. Themes include names of poets ( e.g. Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath ) or a celebrated quotation mark from a literature text. This enables us to acquire to cognize more about celebrated poets or quotation marks and it creates a new acquisition environment and raise consciousness of celebrated poets and quotation marks of the yesteryear. -Literature Broadcast Competition can be carried out for literature dramas as pupils take up a function of a character in the drama and convey feelings and messages of characters through the broadcast. This encourages pupils to be involved in broadcast medium and besides to set themselves in the places of the character and this AIDSs character analysis and hence builds up involvement in the topic.Link:Our alternate attacks for the 1st state of affairs where touristry is promoted and aliens are attracted to see Singapore to come to see and research our local civilization in bend helps in advancing our civilization and maintaining our heritage alive.This is similar to our options to advance Literature ( 2nd state of affairs ) as by promoting pupils to demo an involvement and larn more about the plants of art that gaining control niceties of people ‘s lives ( foreign and local civilization ) , we are besides assisting to advance the civilization as expressed in Literary texts. More significantly, we see that similar options can be efficaciously used in these similar state of affairss, because the effectivity of these steps can be seen through an rating of the instance survey, and because our aims for both state of affairss and the constructs behind the options are similar, this is an appropriate comparing. For our instance survey, the aim of utilizing these options was to pull more tourers to Singapore, which is similar to the aim of our application, which is to pull more local lower secondary school pupils to be interested in Literature. Furthermore, the constructs behind the several alternate attacks of altering perceptual experience and images and coactions are similar for both the instance survey and the application. Since these options were successful for the former, this shows that we can follow similar steps for the latter to successfully accomplish our aims. Why we need to see options[ 9 ]? Target Group: Lower Secondary pupils Aim: To pull more Lower Secondary pupils to show an involvement in Literature In May 1995, an article in the Straits Times suggested a diminution in literature registration for â€Å" O † degree surveies in Singapore. A turning tendency, it was reported, was for schools, required by the Ministry of Education to offer literature as a compulsory topic for the first two old ages of secondary school, to offer the topic as an option merely for Secondary 3 or 4 pupils. Even though one of the purposes of doing pupils study literature in lower secondary is to let pupils to detect the joy of literature, most pupils do non take up literature as a â€Å" O † degree topic as it seen to be a harder topic to hit good in. Hence in order to advance literature and promote more pupils to take up literature as an examinable topic in upper secondary every bit good as to better their linguistic communication and higher-order thought accomplishments, the sort of originative or critical thought necessary for Singapore ‘s hereafter as an economically developed state, our group will wish to research options to advance literature among pupils in Singapore.Alternate 1: â€Å" Makeover of Literature † ALiterature is the Hagiographas in which look and signifier, in connexion with thoughts of lasting and cosmopolitan involvement, are characteristic or indispensable characteristics, as poesy, novels, history, life, and essays. Literature was seen as a depository of humanistic and religious values which might defy the pragmatism and increasing philistinism of mundane Singaporean life. Wayss to advance literature in Singapore: AMaking Literature MainstreamAdvertise and increase the figure of picks of books to take from so as to provide more to involvements of assorted literature partisans who have involvements in different genres e.g. horror. Ad runs can be held to alter the perceptual experience of Literature to youths in Singapore by demoing them that Literature is really non tiring as many might believe through agencies ( This is similar to the alternate attack for our 1st state of affairs where attractive forces are given makeovers to heighten their ocular entreaty to tourers ) such as new media. Puting up an online forum e.g. on Facebook where pupils can discourse Literature texts. This forum can be used by anyone, be it those who are interested in Literature or those who are merely looking about. This helps to make a common space/platform for pupils to prosecute in treatments with others sharing the same passion for the topic. Furthermore, Literature can be promoted as a topic that non merely analyse and examine texts but besides popular movies/television series. This helps in altering the typical perceptual experience of people that Literature is a deadening and irrelevant topic due to its content which focuses on dramas by William Shakespeare whose plants may non be applicable in present society. Introduce literature grasp hebdomad in schools where tickets to see dramas can be on sale to hopefully pull upon the pupils ‘ wonder of literature or their passion for it to prosecute in theatrical grasp which is an indispensable portion of Literature. By carry oning trips to research the different facets of Literature Studies, pupils will be more interested in the topic as it opens their eyes to the facets and might trip their passion for literature. Schools can besides ask for local/ abroad companies or possibly, the school ‘s play CCA to execute for the school ‘s assembly during literature grasp hebdomad so as to provide to those pupils who are unwilling or unable to watch dramas.A2. Introduce educational games refering to literature so as to raise involvement in the topic and promote more pupils to take it as an examinable topic for national scrutinies. A An illustration is to modify board games, such as monopoly, and inculcate literature into the game. ‘Chance ‘ and ‘community chest ‘ cards can be replaced with literature quotation marks, texts or devices that may necessitate one to province the beginning of quotation mark, name a character in the book or explicate literary devices severally. These games can be used during lessons so that even if a pupil has no involvement in playing it in the first topographic point, the pupil will hold to play it. This might trip his involvement in literature. Other games such as tabu or pictionary can besides be modified, such as including quotation marks and devices in the game of tabu and pulling important scenes in a peculiar literature text in the instance of pictionary. By leting pupils to larn and derive consciousness of literature in a merriment and prosecuting mode, their involvement will be raised and they might see taking up literature as an examinable topic in their secondary and third instruction. AWOULD THE ALTERNATIVES BE SUCCESSFUL? IF SO, WOULD THE ALTERNATIVES RESULT IN A MORE SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME THAN IF THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD IS ADOPTED?The result will be successful as launching of runs will raise consciousness and facilitate acquisition of literature surveies among the pupils. To demo the success of our alternate, we could: Expression at instance surveies of other runs that were antecedently launched in Singapore. An illustration is The Speak Mandarin Campaign ( e ®?a?Ze? ­eaS? ) , which is a year-around run that uses promotion and activities in the community to make consciousness and to ease the acquisition of Mandarin. As portion of the run to advance greater usage, the English newspaper The Straits Times publishes day-to-day Mandarin vocabulary lessons, used Television game shows and music public presentations by local dad stars to increase consciousness in young persons. We can hence measure the success and failure of these attacks taken and see these facets while implementing our undertaking as our mark audience is similar. This can be done as it is similar Interview teachers/ forces from the English Language and Literature Teachers Association ( ELLTAS ) on the importance of fostering thought persons through taking up literature. This purpose of the interview is to help our group in deriving more cognition about the elaborate course of study of Literature surveies in Singapore and specific facets of Literature surveies that are of relevancy to pupils. By deriving this information, our group can better our option for e.g. the alteration of board games to run into the demands of the topic. Surveies can be carried out to happen out if pupils are willing/ unwilling to choose for literature as an examinable topic and why/why non. Suggestions to increase registration of literature pupils can besides be seek for in the studies. Sample Survey Purpose: To happen out pupils ‘ current perceptual experiences and apprehension of Literature Target Group: Secondary school and Junior College Students No. Question 1 Presently, what degree are you analyzing at? Lower Secondary Upper Secondary Junior College None of the above If ( a ) , delight skip to Question 3. 2 Are you studying/Do you plan to analyze Literature as an examinable topic at the ‘A ‘ Levels? Yes No 3 Are you studying/Did you study/Do you plan to Literature as an examinable topic at the ‘O ‘ Levels? Yes, Pure Literature. Yes, Literature Elective. No 4 On a graduated table of 1 to 10, delight rate your involvement in Literature. _____ ( 1 being wholly disinterested, 10 being highly passionate about ) Why?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 On a graduated table of 1 to 10, how utile do you believe Literature is? _____ ( 1 being wholly useless, 10 being crucially utile ) Why?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6 Make you happen that Literature is of import because of the analytical accomplishments it teaches? Strongly Agree Agree Impersonal Disagree Strongly Disagree 7 Make you happen that Literature is of import because it is a signifier of civilization and heritage through which old coevalss can go through down their ways of life and beliefs to future coevalss? Strongly Agree Agree Not certain Disagree Strongly Disagree 8 Make you happen that Literature is of import because it stimulates the treatment and idea of controversial or problematic issues covered in the text? Strongly Agree Agree Not certain Disagree Strongly Disagree 9 In your sentiment, is adequate being done to advance Literature among young persons in Singapore? Yes Not certain No If no, do you hold any suggestions on how you feel Literature should be promote among young persons in Singapore?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10 How supportive would you be of new options to advance Literature to youths in Singapore? For illustration, would you take part in events organized to observe Literature or play games designed with elements of Literature in it? Very Supportive Supportive Slightly Unsupportive Very unsupportiveAlternate 2: â€Å" Collaboration †Wayss to advance literature in Singapore:In our 2nd option, our group proposes that schools tie-up with art administrations and local authors/poets.AThe event, in the signifier of a just, will be held in secondary schools with the mark audience being lower secondary school pupils who are hesitating over their capable combination options. The timeframe of the event will be one twenty-four hours during school course of study, sooner after the end-of-year scrutinies of lower secondary school pupils so that they will hold more free clip due to more flexible timetables after scrutinies. The carnival will include activities go arounding around literature grasp. Besides being able to bask the public presentations, pupils will be given the chances to travel wing to larn more about the humanistic disciplines such as presenting inquiries to the performing artists etc. This construct of supplying a carnival will be new as our group aims to suggest a alone blend of local and foreign literature show windows coupled with dramas and public presentations put up by theatrical companies to be catered for schools ( content will be sooner related to the pupils ‘ coursework ) .A There will besides be coaction between schools and local writers and poets where they will be invited to put up booths at these carnivals and to offer pupils with relevant replies on inquiries asked regarding Literature. By supplying pupils the context of Literature through the position of the local poets/authors, the pupils will be exposed to a more interesting point of view of the topic. A The general diminution in literature registration for â€Å" O † degree surveies in Singapore has provoked a minute of contemplation about the function of literature in Singapore society. Public figures commented on the utility of literature ; school instructors, applied scientists, and physicians wrote letters and Straits Times columnist Ravi Veloo proposed that â€Å" O † degree literature be made compulsory for all pupils. Therefore ; our option will take to work hand-in-hand with lifting recognition of the importance to advance literature in Singapore. We will be forming this event in schools who are advocates of the point of view of the importance of Literature from the fact that literature can be seen as a depository of humanistic and religious values which might defy the pragmatism and increasing philistinism of mundane Singaporean life. Besides, the publicity of Literature can be seen as encouraging higher-order thought accomplishments, the sort of originative o r critical thought necessary for Singapore ‘s hereafter as an economically developed state. Aside from the chief mark audience of lower secondary school pupils, upper secondary pupils who are interested to heighten their cognition and involvement for Literature are besides encouraged and invited to take portion in the event. A An illustration of a play studio that can be considered for coaction is Drama Box. Their educational arm, NeNeMa, have conducted synergistic dramas for schools every bit good as workshops specially tailored for pupils, instructors and corporate clients utilizing. Within a short 6-month period in 2004, they have reached more than 5,000 pupils and 400 instructors through their dramas and workshops1.Their popularity among school populations substantiates their professionalism in carry oning dramas. Therefore, Drama Box serves to be a good pick of organisation to near should our group decides to transport out a pilot trial in which the carnival would be held. A On the other manus, an writer that could be approached for coaction with schools is Mr Tan Swie Hian, who in 1987 and 1998 severally, was awarded the Cultural Medallion in Singapore and won the Marin Sorescu International Poetry Prize in Romania.A The principle behind this attack is to perchance trip students'A involvement in literature, as in today ‘s society, literature is being overlooked invariably due to the outgrowth of popular civilization. By utilizing this attack, we hope that literature will one time once more go popular with today ‘s youth.A In order to demo if this attack is successful, we can inquire the authors/poets for the figure of pupils who signed up for their classs and we can give out studies to the pupils to acquire their sentiment about such events which aim to advance literature.A A restriction is that the authors/poets might non be free to carry on such things such as the authorship classs. In order to get the better of this, we can seek to reach literature instructors who might be willing to make such things due to their strong passion in learning and distributing his/her love for literature to the following coevals.WOULD THE ALTERNATIVE BE SUCCESSFUL? IF SO, WOULD THIS ALTERNATIVE RESULT IN A MORE SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME THAN IF THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD IS ADOPTED?The result will be successful as coaction with humanistic disciplines organisation and local authors/poets in forming carnivals perverts from conventional methods of learning which pupils find deadening or uncreative. By broadening the types of learning methods employed, pupils will break appreciate the topic as a whole and be more interested in the topics as rigidness in the course of study is eliminated. This alternate attack will be more successful than the conventional manner as it caters to a larger group of mark audience. Unlike the Literature trip which merely a little selected group of pupils can be offered the chance, the coaction with local poets/authors caters to more pupils and is larger-scale and more encompassing that the conventional method. Primary research methodological analysis: Collaborate with local authors/poets to organize interaction Sessionss at schools to advance literature. Conduct study to see what pupils feel about such Sessionss and how the session has changed how they view literature. Conduct interviews with authors/poets to acquire their sentiments on how literature has affected society over the old ages ( or frailty versa ) , how literature can be farther promoted, etc. A

How to Read Like a Professor by: Thomas C. Foster

How to Read Like a Professor by: Thomas C. Foster 1)Introduction: How’d He Do That? Mostly in memory it affects the reading literature in way that the reader, recognizes similarities in another work of literature, like in romantic novels elude towards Shakes Spears’ play Romeo and Juliet. Also, recognizing the pattern makes it easier on the reader because with that understanding the complex undertone of the book; like when I was reading The Scarlett Letter, I saw the allusions and symbolism in other stories, and books. )Chapter 1: Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When It’s Not) The five expects of a quest are: 1) a questor; 2) a place to go; 3) a stated a reason to go there; 4) challenges and trails getting throw the route and lastly; 5) a real reason to go there. Little Red Riding Hood Tale 1) Little Red Riding Hood; 2) To Grandmothers House; 3) To bring grandma cookies and company; 4) the wolf tries to eat her and Grandma; 5) Little Red Riding Hood learns to trust her instincts and to never talk to strangers. )Chapter 2: Nice to Eat with You; Act of Communion In Charles Dickson’s novel, The Christmas Carol, when the Scrooge wake –up from his â€Å"dream† he went out and bought a swan for his poor assistants’ family for Christmas. By doing this it was kind of a peace offering, it showed that Scrooge turns a new leaf, and by doing so he was now accepted back into the community. 4)Chapter 4: If It’s a Square, It’s a SonnetPetrarchan sonnet: â€Å"Missing the Metros† by Charles Terryson-Tunner This sonnet shows this form of reading by demonstrating a sequence like: abba cdcd efefe; and towards the end like the traditional Petrarch Sonnet, the main point of the sonnet which is called the volta, towards the end of the sonnet. Shakespearian sonnet: â€Å"Sonnet LXXIII† With this Shakespearian Sonnet, this had 14 lines and was divided into three parts, with rhyme scheme like this: abab cdcd efe f gg. The volta is usually at the end of the sonnet; like in this one, where in the end it makes impact because it makes reader think about how the death can be very near.Indefinable Sonnets: â€Å"Ozymandias† In this sonnet it does not fit the standard Shakespearian sonnet or Pertarchan sonnet, though it has the same characteristic of a Shakespearian sonnet and volta similar to the Pertarchan sonnet. 5)Chapter 6: When In Doubt , It’s from Shakespeare†¦ In the theme of the story Fugard reflects Shakespeare’s Henery V, in this story Harold the main character has to become Master Harold set aside his childhood friendship and to become to into his family â€Å"business†, like Prince Hal had set aside his childhood friend and ways to become a King Henry, capable leading a army. )Chapter 7: Or the Bible â€Å"I imagined I bore my chalice safely throw the throng of foes† (Line 31Joyce). The chalice symbolized him protecting his morals under the infl uence of the â€Å"heathens† surrounding him, even though in the next sentence he reminisce about his feelings towards the girl, Megan’s sister. 7)Chapter 8: Hanseldee and Gerteldum I book I once read was like modern version of â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† but it focused on the Beast point of view, and how he became the way he was. The author did create a parallel of the story but twist in to make her own, to appeal to her teenager readers.It appeal to their child like fairy tale story and mind it deepen appreciation of a this particle fairy tale, since it appeal to young teenage girls. 8)Chapter 9: It’s Greek to Me â€Å"Only For a Season† Mother never could have known Of my past intentions of being free, The time is near for me to go How could stay with her alone? Easy to say goodbye for season be, Rarely can confide to my husband needs. Naturally I was born in summer bloom; As the fates have it, I learn to love winter’s cold. To turn again st my mother’s will Under estimating my husband’s needs,Rethinking my own wants†¦ Easy it is not to love winter’s chill. 9)Chapter 10: It’s More Than Just Rain and Snow In novel I read named â€Å"Life as We Knew It†. In the novel there was a part where the families oldest Mirinda, had to go out in a blizzard to find food for her family. The description of the blizzard and how she felt in the storm was very vivid, it made me understand the struggle that the character in the novel had go throw. 10) Chapter 11:†¦More Than It’s Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence The first type is specific injury characters inflict upon themselves or others.The second type of violence is where the author causes harm to characters to progress the plot. In â€Å"The Outsiders† there are two gangs, the socs and the greasers; they commit the first type of violence. They punch, stab and kill each other out of revenge and anger. It takes a few deaths of dear friends for the characters realize the insanity of fighting. The end result is that they grow to be better people. In â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† the old lady neighbor Ms. Dubose dies from old age. This is an example of the second type of violence.The author has her die to develop Jem is a character and to move the plot along, in this the example second act of violence has more meaning and depth to it. 11) Chapter 12: Is That A Symbol? In the short story the â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce, Joyce uses the fence as symbolic reference of a barrier between Mangan’s sister and the protagonist. A fence main purpose is to keep things out, separated, apart; to make known that another party is not allowed in. I belive the fence symbolizes the age difference between Magan’s sister and the protagonist, how that will be barrier in protagonist mind of his relationship with her.Or perhaps, it’s a culture/religious meaning separating boys and girls so they won’t go forth with their deeper desirers. 12)Chapter 13: It’s All Political In play I read in 10th grade called the â€Å"Raisin in the Sun† the writer Lorrain Hansberry put some of political views in the play. The play was about a black family wanting to move into a white neighbor in the 1950’s, of course it same time it’s written, it was avoids to me that it was written about civil rights in that time, and how the struggle for many African Americans to have those rights at that time. 3)Chapter 14: Yes, She’s a Christ Figure, Too Many works of liture there are stories that have Christ figures, especially in stories that have good versus evil. Usually the good side has Christ characteristics, like Holes by Louis Sachar, Stanley Christ figure, surprisingly he carries many of Christ characteristics. 1. He had wounds on his hands from shovel cutting him when was digging. 2. He is in agony when he walked through the hot dessert to find Zero 3. He sis el sacrificing whe he runs away from the camp to save Zero, knowing he could die himself. 4. Although he is kid himself; he good with kids.He got along with everybody in the camp and also taught Zero to read. 5. Even though he doesn’t create water or food, he does found water and onons for Zero to drink and eat in the mountains. 6. He uses a humble needs of transportation because his family was poor he had to walk to school and other places. 7. He spent time in the dessert which is like the wilderness , even though he wasn’t alone, and everyone thought he was died because he was gone so long. 8. He had conformation with the devil/ Warden, when he went to the warden’s house. 9. He was last seen with thieves;the Warden, Mr.Sir, and Dr. Pandenski; those who wanted part of the loot. 10. Stanely finally comes back to reddem the unworthy world. In this story the â€Å"unworthy world â€Å" is the camp of delinquent juveniles. When came back he freed the kids from the camp. Stanley wasn’t exactly Jesus but he was good guy and he potryaed Christ like characteristics. 14) If She Comes Up, It’s Baptism The importance of â€Å"baptism† scenes is very clear in a lot of literature. It symbolizes a washing away of the old, a new start. Sometimes this doesn’t result in a good way, or in favor of the character at the time.A good example of this is in the movie Pearl Harbor. The story is of two best friends, Rafe and Danny, who are pilots of fighter planes. Rafe has a girlfriend, Evelyn, who is a nurse. Unfortunately, Rafe’s plane is shot down and lands in water, where he is submerged to what appears to be his death. When Rafe is submerged in the water, he doesn’t realize his life is changing around him. When his best friend and girlfriend hear of his death they become close, and end up forming a relationship themselves. Danny and Evelyn don’t realize until later that Rafe didn’t die in the plane crash.The crash was, in a sense, Rafe’s baptism, as a new life has been laid out before him (though he doesn’t know it yet). Rafe, upon his return, is expecting his life to continue as normal, with his best friend and girlfriend. Little does he know that Danny and Evelyn have formed a relationship, and when he finds out, he feels he’s lost both of them. 15)Chapter 19: Geography Matters Foster defines geography as any setting in a story that can define or be developed by characters in the story. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Harper Lee sets up the book to describe the area, and the people who lived there.Like when she describes Alabama, which is a confederate state and is known to very traditional and close minded. And also town itself is small and rural town where everyone knows everybody else’s business. When Lee’s describes Boo’s house it top to bottom; making it seem creepy and mysteries. Then she describes the other neighbor’s houses like Maddie. Her beautiful garden and how much she cared for it. Lee was making an introduction with the characters in the story before the character was even introduced. In the To Kill Mocking Bird, Lee used the geography setting around to describe who and what her characters where. 6) Chapter 20: †¦So Does the Season Robert Forest uses the poem October, to translate to the reader the in meaning full way, describing the passing of life, and how quickly it passes by. In the poem he describes how he wishes his young years slowed down, and old age, the frost of winter, will not settle in so quickly. It’s very good seasonal poem about ageing and the hope of â€Å"less brief† days. 17) Interlude: One Story An archetype is an idea, person, or situation which is repeated in literature. An example of an archetype would be the mad scientist type of character which appears in many stories.A mad scientist doesn't have to be evil or crazy; he just has to be so dedicat ed to his work that nothing else seems to matter. One example of this would be Dexter from the show Dexter's Laboratory. He is constantly building crazy inventions which seem to always be destroyed by his sister. He has virtually no friends because he spends all of his time in his lab. Doc from Back to the Future would be another example of a mad scientist. He designs a time machine and uses wild and impractical methods to acquire materials and build the machine. When the device works it sends his friend Marty to the past and causes a whole mess. 8)Chapter 21: Marked of Greatness Harry Potter is left with only a mere scar of a lightning bolt, from his first encounter with Lord Voldemort. Voldemort had succeeded in killing many of the people living in the magical world, including Harry’s parents, but simply cannot defeat Harry even when he is only a baby. Anyone who is familiar with the Harry Potter series knows that the reason Harry was able to survive and defeat Lord Voldemo rt was because of the ‘power of love’ his mother displayed towards Harry. So from this scar we understand that Harry has what Lord Voldemort will never be able to defeat, which is simply the act of being loved.As the series continues and we learn that Lord Voldemort is slowly coming back into power, we already know the one person who has the power to defeat the dark lord. The only person who can bring Lord Voldemort back down from his power is the one who stripped away his strength and power in the first place, the boy who lived: Harry Potter. 19) Chapter 25: Don’t Read With Your Eyes In the â€Å"Scarlett Letter† Pearl, Hester’s daughter, was born out of wed-lock; so the towns people and, even her own mother, believed that she is evil and a â€Å"demon offspring†.As a twenty-first century reader that belief is ridicules because it happens in most cautions by choice or with â€Å"accidental† action. As for the reader of the time; in th e late 1600 it was a strong colonial belief that the action, in this case the sin, of the parents will reflect of the child, and therefore the child is evil too. The author makes the assumption that the readers have a religious mindset and have same believe system. In this day in age, we do not have the same mentality. In some cases it could be bearer like Forster said, for the reader might shut out everything the book author had. 20) Chapter 26: Is He Serious?And Other Ironies In 1984 by George Orwell, this book is filled with irony from start to finish. Throughout the whole book every Party character is governed by the rule of double think. As Orwell writes â€Å"doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them†. This is a good example of irony because it is humanly impossible to grasp the meaning of this. Winston is surrounded by many ironic things such as when he goes to rent an apartment with Julia he believes that he is safe from harm’s way because he is in Prole territory.However he later finds out that the man renting them the room was a member of the thought police and the monitor was located behind the picture. When Winston was captured and thrown in jail he was physically torn apart by little food and hazardous condition this was used to help kill the rebellion inside him. However, the real test comes when he meets his fate in room 101. Here he is faced with his biggest fear: rats. They set up a face mask as to where the rats can attack his face, but before they release them Winston begins to speak of Big Brother and he once again becomes a loyal member of the party.The irony here is so strong due to the fact that he wanted to over throw the party just a few weeks before hand. Winston was worn down and broken. He become like every other member of the party, the very party he had hoped to destroy forever. 21) Chapter 27: A Test Cast Answering the Prompt: 1. In the short story â€Å"The Garden Party†, Mansfield is signifies to the reader how far the rich is to the poor. The rich class is so high and busy with their things, they don’t pay attention to the lower class. They are so detach with lower class, that they have no real sympathy, just pity. 2.She signifies this in her story by describing where both distinct families lived. The Sheridan’s lived higher up and their poorer neighbors live down below. The Sheridan’s didn’t even allowed their children to play with â€Å"the revolting children and their infected diseased. † So when Mrs. Sheridan send Laura, the youngest daughter, to give poor family left-over from the party, she went down to darken cottages, and saw the misery and heartbreak. It opens her up to question what life really is. â€Å"Isn’t life†¦? † She asked her dear brother, but even he couldn’t really answer the question. Though my erspective was complete ly different from the other examples, like Foster’s example of Persephone; it surprised me how much Greek mythology is in so many literature works, and how much I recognized and understood where he cited all is information. Though, Diane’s prespective blew me away. I honestly think I would never see that much detail in the story as she did. To be honest I had some prejudice feelings toward this story after finding out the Sheridan’s where rich, so it did limit my true understanding of the story. Now I see it was more of Laura’s story then a political story between the rich and the poor.

Books Were an Important Part of Life in the Late 18th Century Essay Example for Free (#18)

Books Were an Important Part of Life in the Late 18th Century Essay Learning is one of important processes in human being life. It is self-evident that human development cannot stand without a proper learning. Since Learning provides unlimited Benefits, people should learn and experience it. The Reading is being reimagined over the time period. I’ll discuss about it later in this section. There are several ways that promotes Learning such as Books, electronic books, Movies, Periodicals such as Magazine, journals or Newspapers and Audio/Visual clips. Nowadays Libraries plays a critical role on keeping the Books alive due to the invention Mass media communications. I’ll talk further about this later in this section. Let’s take a closer look about Books. The book is one of the valuable sources of knowledge that provided numerous benefits, such benefits are it takes us into different worlds and cultures and it helps to learn other languages as well. So, we can tell that a book can be a truthful friend which helps to learn how to behave in practical life. Books cover different genres such as Comedy, Drama, Romance, Adventure, fiction etc. Director General of UNESCO addressed 1972 as the â€Å"International Book Year† and taking â€Å"Booking for all† as their Motto. UNESCO organizes a yearly event called â€Å"World Book day or International Day of the book† on 23th April every year worldwide to promote Reading, Publishing and Copyright. So we can understand How Important it is Reading in a life of Mankind. It was first celebrated on 23th April 1995. Writing believed to be developed between the 7th millennium BC and 4th millennium BC in china. Ancient people used to write using stones but wood was the first medium to write in the actual form of Book. From time to Time, the new technology inventions played vital part in the World. The Cambridge University Press was founded in 1534 and the first book was printed in 1583. Also the first press was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts one of the North American British colonies in the year of Year 1639. Then first North American Public library was founded in Boston in the year of 1653. Eighteenth Century Americans were mainly interested in reading books about practical arts, religious and the politics as well. American does have a long tradition on reading habits since long back. Thus they are proved to be improved in vocal, public expressions both towards and against throughout reading skills. Novels are the entertaining seldom read by Americans in the 18th century. The nation’s first novel was published in the late 18th century. The first two novels to be published were Digges’ â€Å"Adventure of Alonso† and Brown’s â€Å"The power of Sympathy†. Women were also contributed to the success of Novels, Such writers were Susuana Rowson for her novel â€Å"Charlotte: A tale of truth†. This navel was re-issued under the title of Charlotte Temple, which sold more than million and half copies. The growth of novel reading grew rapidly towards the end of the year 1750. The main reason for the growth of novel readers was the rapid growth of the source of book materials such as book seller, public library and lending library. An average person was able to obtain their reading materials from booksellers, public libraries as well through lending libraries which were a cheaper option since they were able to rent the books for a small fee. Due to the vast number of readers between the year 1773 and 1798 the number of book trading companies as well as the number of public libraries grew rapidly at faster rate than the increasing population. While the population doubled in the period of 1790’s, the numbers of the circulating libraries were tripled. So in the late 18th century, the circulation libraries played a huge influence placing reading interest among the American public. Social libraries were able to expand their firms by joining the book selling companies and they were able to purchase and loan the books for a lower rate. By the year of 1790, books were the main source of entertainment, information and literature for an average person. According to the catalogues of the sellers, the percentage of fiction readers increased by nine percent between 1754 to 1765 and increased to thirteen percent between 1791 to 1800. Circulating Library catalogues contained fifty-eight percent fiction by the year of 1800 which was higher compared (twenty-eight percent) to the early 18th century. Though the books were little expensive at that period, the people were able to join in the circulating libraries for lower rate which is another proof that people were encouraged to read during this century. During the late 18th century, the book sellers showed interest requesting novels from their suppliers. As an example Robert Ben Winans (1975) states that â€Å"In 1801, a bookseller in North Carolina wrote to his supplier requesting that â€Å"Mr. Carey will be so obliging as to send as many of the Novels as he procure; it will be mutually our interest to keep a good collection, as the good folks her love light reading†. This letter accompanied an order called a -typical order of the period about 1800, which listed sixty-three books every one of them a novel†. (â€Å"The Growth of a Novel-Reading Public in Late-Eighteenth-Century America. Early American Literature. Vol. 9. No. 3 (Winter, 1975): 267-275. Print). This is a proof that tells the novels were read by rapidly growing people in the late 18th century. This period is described as Novel reading age. I strongly believe that books today have been replaced by other forms of mass communication such as Media, newspape r and magazine, Web. Though there were so many significant political, economic developments redesigned the new world, the dramatic and unprecedented centralization of the countries and their expansion, regulations and professionalization of the state forces are still appreciable. Every time a new invention strikes in mass communications, obviously the books had to compete with that invention. The first American newspaper called â€Å"Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick† published in early 18th century. During the early 18th century, the weekly Newspapers acted as the means of carrying of intercolonial news and also the newspapers carried war news at that period . So people were interested in reading newspapers than Books at that period. Then the industrial era started from the nineteenth century initially with the telegraph applications. The first African-American newspaper was published in 1827 called the Freedom’s Journal. Also this has been followed by the inventions such as magazines, telegraph, printers, phonograph, postal discounted rates, photographic films and radio were in particular. So the century that belongs to the industrial revolution start for the mass media that affected the books and readers. Since the radio, television and movie inventions in the early 1900s, the information had started passing through voice than text form. People started feeling that listening to audio is more comfortable than reading. In 1980, first online newspaper was published on web . From time moves on, the physical form of book transformed in intangible form of text due the new inventions in this world. During the late 1980s, Information has transformed to digitalized manner and the revolution of Computer started striking the world. People believed that physically storing information was not safe, so they started storing information in digital code. In 1985, Voyagar Company stored books in CD-ROM which was the first step to the era of eBook. From then onwards, the learning has come to digital manner. Then the biggest bang to the book sales was the invention of the World Wide Web in the year of 1991. Then the first online blog was published in the year of 1997. Due to high volume of readers, authors showed an interest in writing online blogs. Convergence of Media (Video and Audio) introduced in the later 1990s. For example:-We can see presidential debates live on YouTube. So the information can be stored as Video or audio forms as well than the text form. Google has announced the Google Library Project which is digitalization of books in 2005. Nowadays libraries are playing an important role in preserving the books for the next generation. It is self-evident that physically books can’t long last because of the material and size. It is good in a way that if we store information in digital code it can long last than physically storing in a book. This generation people show interest in reading/learning, just the sales of the eBooks readers, pdf readers are the proofs. If we look into Amazon. com, we can see tons of EBooks and they also sell books as well. If we want, we can download the eBook instantly or else we have to wait till they ship it. Though the form of text (book) has changed due to new inventions, but the rate of readers has increased in the world. Earlier we had only text form but now we do have text, audio and video form as well. Nowadays people look for a better ways. I would say storing an eBook is far more convenient than carrying a book (physical book). Though the new innovation impacted the sales of the books (physical form), it’s good for the next generation to preserve the valuable information. Books Were an Important Part of Life in the Late 18th Century. (2016, Nov 29). 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Essay Example Economics considers resource availability, such as land and capital as well as factors of production. An economic model serves as an analysis of financial considerations. Economic models are theoretical constructs using charts, graphs, or other mathematical analysis tools to better understand how to make financial, business, or investment decisions. Such models consider many different variables, such as consumption and consumer incomes, to assist businesses in forecasting production or pricing their products; as one example. Government uses economic models to plan logistics or even create economic policy (or monetary policy) based on observable trends in the economy or environment. It can include accounting modeling to measure credits or debits in industry, or even scenario planning to guide executive decision-making related to finance and capital investment. Microeconomics involves the study of economics as it pertains to the individual. It involves studying firm finance and resources, individual consumer finance and activities, and the worker related to their productivity or income allocation. As one example, microeconomics would measure the relationship between household income and the volume of products consumed, such as household budgeting planning and banking needs. Macroeconomics is more in-depth and measures the whole of an economy. It would consider all consumers related to a national economy. Issues of consumer supply and demand, related to price setting, would be an example of macroeconomic study. For government, it might also measure the income capacity of many different urban regions to determine what area of the country would be best served for investment in infrastructure projects. Normative economics measures what should be, while positive economics studies what actually is. Normative economics is subjective and is based on value judgments

Performance - Dance Essay Example for Free

Performance Dance Essay This evaluative essay will explore why the dance piece â€Å"Twilight† choreographed by Sarah Boulter and performed by Grace, Jessie, Heath and Nick, should be chosen in the Empire Theatre â€Å"Youth Arts Showcase†. This piece is an outstanding example of contemporary dance and by far the perfect choice for the showcase, as it clearly follows the selected criteria given by the committee. These are that it clearly exhibits the characteristics of contemporary dance, has a clear intention and is extremely entertaining to watch. The characteristics of contemporary dance are clearly evident in the performance of â€Å"Twilight†. One evident characteristic in this piece is the use of Gravity (Rise and Fall) which is shown in a lot of movements. This is identified when each male lifts his female partner of the ground and the female performs a high kick into a split position, then back up again. In extension to this, flexed feet movements are included and shown when at the very start of the dance all four of the dancers perform their own movements/mini sequence for about 8 seconds in the middle of the stage, facing towards the audience. Movements include leaps, high kicks, jumps and tumbling. Finally the dancers perform movements in parallel, which are seen when they position themselves in a diamond shape in the centre of the stage, facing the audience and perform the same energetic and percussive running, lifting and leaping movements at the same time, across the stage at high and medium level. Sarah Boulter’s dance sequence â€Å"Twilight† clearly tells the story of 4 vampires that are in battle. This is shown through the female’s short, dark, ripped dresses and the male’s long black, ripped capes and pants. It is also highlighted by the fast, upbeat and loud tempo in the music as well as the lyrics â€Å"We will be Victorious†, which reveal that they are fighting and will win. The intention of the dance piece was also shown through the movement elements. The 4 dancers begin walking down a flight of stairs into a horizontal line, facing the audience. Each dancer then breaks into an individual routine, showing their â€Å"battle moves†. In addition to this, the dancers are also seen running around the stage in a circular formation, then breaking into a straddle leap across the stage, onto the ground. Finally, at the end of the dance all 4 dancers are seen in a different pose, then all dropping to the ground. This shows that they had either been defeated or were â€Å"worn out† and tired. After reading the above statements the intention has clearly been successfully conveyed to the audience in both a exiting and ingenious manner. In my opinion â€Å"Twilight† was both an entertaining and creative dance piece to watch. This is achievable by including the amazing use of many lifts, jumps and varied floor patterns. The choreographer also included a lot of movement elements that the dancers did in unison. An example of lifts was when all dancers were in a square shape, and then the 2 females and 2 males branched off into couples. Each couple were then seen to do a lift, down into side splits then up again. Another great element in this piece was the veritable use of jumps and leaps. This was seen at the start of the dance, when all of the dancers bunched up together and one of the females stood up on both of the males backs, jumped up and then landed on the males, they then all collapsed to the ground. Finally the various floor patterns showed many outstanding shapes and levels, which was seen when each dancer ran round the stage and zigzagged through each other. Consequently it is extremely clear that this dance piece is amazingly entertaining and creative to watch. In conclusion, I believe that it is extremely clear that the dance piece â€Å"Twilight† choreographed by Sarah Boulter and danced by Grace, Jesse, Nick and Heath should be included in the Empire Theatres Youth Arts Showcase. This piece should be chosen as it clearly addresses the selected criteria supplied by the committee. The characteristics of contemporary dance are clearly highlighted through the use of Flexed Feet, Gravity (Rise and Fall) and Parallel Movements. These can be seen when the dancers perform movements on different levels, as well as the use of energetic running in parallel and suspended leaps and lifts with flexed feet. The intention of the dance was clearly conveyed through the costumes which showed their characters. Finally the dance was amazingly entertaining to watch. The use of exciting level, directions and floor patterns kept the audience entertained and intrigued, so did the marvellous performance skills of the dancers. Consequently it is clear that this dance piece is the perfect choice for the showcase and therefore should be chosen.

Chemical and Physical Properties Essay Example for Free

Chemical and Physical Properties Essay Observe the solubility in hot water. c. Tear off approximately 1/2-cm pieces of both red and blue litmus paper. d. Allow the solution to cool, and using the glass stirring rod, transfer a drop of the solution onto a piece of litmus paper. Record the results. Clean the stirring rod. 5. Third test tube: a. Add a few pipet drops of HCl (hydrochloric acid) to the sample and stir. NOTE: Use the test tube holderclamp as some reactions are exothermic, i. e. the test tube may get very hot. Record any apparent reaction or solubility. Clean the stirring rod. 6. Fourth test tube: Add a few pipet drops of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) to the sample. Stir. Record any apparent reaction or solubility. Clean the stirring rod. 7. Thoroughly clean and dry all 4 test tubes. Repeat Steps 2 though 6 with the next substance. Experimental Results Substance: Zn Color: Grey Odor: None Effect of Heat: decreases content curled in with lighter color Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: No reaction observed / not soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: Prolonged boiling from retained heat/ non soluble Litmus test: None observed Dilute HCI: positive reaction resulting in the formation of gas, carbonation, and darkened Dilute NaOH: creates foggy substance and blackens solid Substance: Cu Color: Copper Odor: None noted Effect of Heat: Turned black Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: not soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: not soluble Litmus test: None observed Dilute HCI: tarnished not observed Dilute NaOH: none observed Substance: Mg Color: Silver Odor: None observed Effect of Heat: increases in dullness Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: no reaction observed/ non soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: increased heat / non soluble Litmus test: no change Dilute HCI: rapid boiling and heat Dilute NaOH: liquid is cloudy Substance: MgO Color: White Odor: None observed Effect of Heat: none observed Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: Soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: Soluble Litmus test: Red paper turned blue / blue no reaction Dilute HCI: Carbonated Soluble Dilute NaOH: Dense Soluble Substance: CuC03 Color: Green Odor: pungent Effect of Heat: turned black Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: slightly murky, but does not appear soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: slightly murky, but none soluble Litmus test: changes blue to red showing slight acidity Dilute HCI: carbonation and soluble Dilute NaOH: turns blue w/ slight soluble Substance: Cu(NO3)2 Color: Blue crystals Odor: slight odor Effect of Heat: melted and turned green Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: turned water blue and is soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: no change observed from the cool water and is soluble Litmus test: blue litmus turned to red for acid Dilute HCI: turned green Dilute NaOH: soluble formed Substance: NaCl Color: white crystals Odor: none observed Effect of Heat: none noted Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: becomes slightly soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: fully soluble Litmus test: red turns to blue indicating that it’s basic Dilute HCI: none observed Dilute NaOH: none observed QUESTIONS: A Did you observe any chemical changes in this experiment? Chemical changes are observed during the experiment B What evidence did you use to decide that something was a chemical change? Indications of chemical changes were preceded by the burning, rusting, ermenting, and decomposing of the substances. As a result, a new substance will have its own unique physical properties C Give at least two examples of chemical changes you observed. Adding colorless sodium hydroxide to blue copper(II) nitrate produces a light blue precipitate Zinc diluted with Hydrogen Chloride is positive for a chemical reaction resulting in the formation of gas, carbonation, and darkened D Classify the following p roperties of sodium metal as physical or chemical: Silver metallic color – physical Turns gray in air – chemical Melts at 98oC physical Reacts explosively with chlorine chemical E Classify the following changes as physical or chemical: Water freezes at OoC – physcical change Baking soda when combined with vinegar produces bubbles:- chemical change Mothballs gradually disappear at room temperature – physical change Ice cubes in a freezer get smaller with time – physical change Baking soda loses mass as it is heated – physical chemical Tarnishing of silver – chemical change F How would you show that dissolving table salt is a physical change? A physical change will not change the composition of a substance. When adding water to a salt, the ions of table salt are hydrated with water molecules which reduced the strong electrostatic forces of the ions. To return salt to the original state, simply remove the hydrated water molecules by boiling the table salt. Conclusions: In a chemical change one or more new substances are formed. The new substance has its own unique identity which is different from the original. It has properties that are different than those of the starting material; in addition, the original materials is not able to be reproduced by physical means.

Colonialism and Immigration Restriction Act of 1901

Colonialism and Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 Alan Taylor Are Colonialism and the â€Å"Immigration Restriction Act of 1901† really dead in Australia? In this essay I will propose that colonialism and the ‘Immigration Restriction Act aka White Australia policy’,[1] are not dead, not just yet anyway. I will briefly outline some of the tensions in the community which led to the implementation of this policy in 1901. I will also investigate how the media of the day helped this policy along. I will then go on to explain how this policy, which was enacted to stop non Europeans entering Australia, effected the Indigenous population throughout the life of said policy. I will then go on to see if some points from this policy are being revived in today’s political environment, or is it just coincidence that these new legislations seem to align themselves with the White Australia policy of yesteryear. Also I will briefly examine if these new policies breach the ‘Human Rights Act’. One in particular, Operation Sovereign Borders,[2] designed to stop refugees entering the country illegally. By the end if this es say I should be able to answer the question posed above. The Immigration Restriction Act was the main component of a package of legislation acknowledged by the new Federal Parliament in 1901. It was premeditated to exclude all non-European migrants and also the Indigenous population who were deemed as not being Australian. This package also incorporated the ‘Pacific Islander Labourers Act and Section 15 of the 1901 Post and Telegraph Act’,[3] which provided that ships hauling Australian mail, and therefore funded by the Commonwealth, should provide work for white labour only.[4] The attitudes were in line with Australian nationalism of the late 1800s. And was a move to control non-European immigration to most of the Australian colonies dating back to the 1850s. The beginning of the White Australia policy began with the mining boom of the 1850s. The white miners anger towards the hard-working Chinese diggers ended in violence in Victoria and New South Wales. These two colonies governments initiated restraints on the immigration of Chinese people. Later, it was the turn of hard-working indentured labourers from the Pacific South Sea Islands known as Kanakas in the northern region of Queensland. The employees of factories in the south became strongly opposed to all forms of immigration which might threaten their employ; predominantly by non-white people who they thought would accept an inferior standard of living and also would work for lower wages. A number of influential Queenslanders felt that they would be expelled from the impending Federation if the Kanaka trade did not stop. Leading NSW and Victorian politicians advised that there would be no place for Asiatics or coloureds in the Australia of the future. In 1901, the new federal government voted for an Act ending the employment of Pacific Islanders and other non-white people. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 obtained royal approval on the 23rd December1901. It was depicted as an Act to deliver certain limitations on immigration and for the removal from the Commonwealth of forbidden immigrants. The Act banned from immigration those considered to be insane, anyone expected to become a burden upon the public or upon any public or charitable institution. This also included any person suffering from an infectious or contagious disease of a loathsome or dangerous character. Other limitations put in place included a dictation test which was used to eliminate certain aspirants by entailing them to pass a written test. Often these tests were carried out in a language that the aspirant was not familiar with and had been selected by an immigration officer. With these strict measures in place the enactment of the White Australia policy was w armly applauded by most sections of the community. In 1919 the Prime Minister, William Morris Hughes, hailed it as the greatest thing we have achieved.[5] The Immigration Restriction Act demonstrates Australias stance toward immigration from federation until the later part of the 20th century, which preferred applicants from certain countries, most of these applicants were mainly of European nationality. The abolition of this policy occurred over a period of 25 years. After the 1949 election win of the alliance between the Liberal and Country parties, Immigration Minister Harold Holt permitted 800 non-European refugees to stay in Australia and Japanese war brides were allowed to enter Australia. Over succeeding years Australian governments steadily dismantled the policy with the final remnants being removed in 1973 by the new Labor government. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 represents the official adoption by Commonwealth of Australia of racist policies that resulted in a form of immigration apartheid that grew out of racist 19th century community attitudes. Up until the middle of the20th century, these types of racist attitudes limited the Indigenous population from realizing the same rights as the white Australians. In the 1950s, many of the Indigenous population were relocated in missions where they had to abide to stringent conditions and to rely on handouts of food. A number were even forced to assimilate into white Australian society after being removed from their family homes as children, these were to become known as the stolen generations. The media throughout this period used cartoon images and headlines such as to put across the Government views on who should be allowed entry into Australia. While the policy which was enacted in 1901 to restrict the immigration of non Europeans has been dead, since 1973, I fear some components of said Policy are creeping back into today’s Policy making, in an age where we are considered to be in the post colonialism era. The measures undertaken during this period were helped along by the print media of the day, as it is today. On 21 June 2007, the Australian Government announced a ‘national emergency response to protect Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory’ from sexual abuse and family violence. This has become known as the ‘NT intervention’ or the ‘Emergency Response’.[6] The medium for the actions was the release of ‘Report of the Northern Territory Board of Inquiry into the Protection of Aboriginal Children from Sexual Abuse, titled Ampe Akelyernemane Meke Mekarle: ‘Little Children are Sacred’.’[7] Some parts of the ‘NT intervention’ policy, was to initiate extensive alcohol restrictions on the Aboriginal lands in the Northern Territory. The enforcing of school attendance by linking income support and family assistance payments to school attendance for all people living on Aboriginal lands and providing meals for children at school at the expense of the parents. Also the introduction of obligatory health checks for all Aboriginal children to aid in the recognizing and treating of health problems and any causes of abuse. As part of the urgent response to this emergency, there was an increase in policing levels in prescribed communities, including requesting verbal agreements from other jurisdictions to enhance NT resources, funded by the Australian Government. This was accomplished by improving authority by assigning managers of all government business to agreed communities.[8] As it stands, there is a need for considerable change for the NT intervention measures to be considered steady with Australia’s international human rights requirements. The Social Justice Report of 2007 outlined ten steps, to which I only mention a few, to modifying the intervention so that it is consistent with these obligations and ensures Indigenous individuals in Aboriginal communities in the NT equal treatment and full human dignity. In the 1990’s the Australian Government initiated Mandatory detention for Asylum seekers, under mandatory detention, any person who enters the Australian migration zone without a visa is located in a holding facility while health and security checks are carried out. At which time seemed fair. This in turn led to the Pacific Solution: 2001–2007 the Australian government policy of conveying asylum seekers to detention centres on island nations in the Pacific Ocean, while their refugee status was verified. In 2007, the Labor Party under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd discarded the Pacific Solution, by installing a more liberal asylum policy. Rudds government guaranteed to resolve all asylum claims within three months and closed the Nauru detention facility. In November 2012 Australia with the approval of Papua New Guinea opened an offshore processing facility on Manus Island, a remote location 800kms to the north of Papua New Guinea. It then started sending asylum seekers from Christmas Island, an Australian territory south of Java, to the Manus Island facility, over 4,800kms away. In July 2013 Australia then announced that all asylum seekers arriving in its territory by boat would, if they ascertain that these asylum seekers are actual refugees, would be resettled in Papua New Guinea, and not in Australia. In 2013 Amnesty International Australia released a report entitled ‘This Is Breaking People.’[9] This report looked into the Manus Island detention facility to see if the Labor government was in violation of the asylum seekers human rights. Also in the same year Amnesty International Australia also released another report entitled ‘The truth about Manus Island.’[10] They found that nearly five months into this new policy of sending the asylum seekers to Manus Island, it was clear that the Regional Resettlement Arrangement has resulted in a host of violations to their human rights. Some of the violations that they found were: ‘Asylum seekers are detained in the absence of any individualized assessment of the need for detention. Contrary to international law, the Regional Resettlement Arrangement with Papua New Guinea discriminates against asylum seekers on the basis of their means and date of arrival, treats as suspect all asylum seekers who arrive by boat, and penalizes them for their manner of arrival.’[11] One of the recommendations to fix these and other human rights violations was to: ‘Immediately review the Regional Resettlement Arrangement with Papua New Guinea and end offshore processing and the offshore detention of asylum seekers. All asylum seekers held in the Manus Island detention centre must be transferred back to Australian territory and given full access to asylum procedures in Australia.’[12] Today the Government is turning back the boats as promised with their policy Operation Sovereign Borders. ‘Operation Sovereign Borders is the Abbott governments military-led plan to combat people smugglers and treat the arrival of asylum seeker boats to Australia as a national emergency and a border protection crisis’.[13] In one cartoon from the White Australia policy era it depicts an Aboriginal looking menacing towards a landing party from England, the slogan reads ‘Trying to STOP THE BOATS’ these types of images were common under the Immigration Restriction Act. In the lead up to the 2013 Federal election, one of the slogans the then opposition party used for their campaign was ‘STOP THE BOATS’ in reference to asylum seekers arriving in Australia illegally by boat. At the very top of the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, it states: ‘To place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of prohibited Immigrants. [Assented to 23rd December 1901]’[14] Are these policies influenced by the long dead Immigration Restriction Act, or is it just by coincidence that they appear similar. In conclusion it seems that the Immigration Restriction Act or ‘White Australia’ policy is creeping back into today’s political and national environment, but I hope that it is just coincidence that it looks that way. We did help write the human rights charter, yet it seems that we have been in violation of this charter for some time. Also with ‘NT intervention’ policy let’s hope it does not lead to another stolen generation. As a nation we should have learnt from previous mistakes made, to strive toward a nation that can be a role model for the global community. Let us not regress to our colonial past where we were perceived as a country of racists, for we as a nation live in a post colonial world. Finally to answer the question, ‘Are Colonialism and the â€Å"Immigration Restriction Act of 1901† really dead in Australia?’ Yes I do believe these to be a thing of the past and are dead in Australia. But if the I and the people of Australia cannot be tolerant off other people and their cultures, surely we will regress back to the days of colonialism and the ways of the ‘White Australia’ policy. Bibliography Amnesty International Australia, This Is Breaking People human rights violations at Australia’s asylum seeker processing centre on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. accessed february 20, 2014. http://www.amnesty.org.au/images/uploads/about/Amnesty_International_Manus_Island_report.pdf.. Amnesty International Australia, The truth about Manus Island: 2013 report. Accessed February 10, 2014. http://www.amnesty.org.au/refugees/comments/33587/. (The truth about Manus Island: 2013 report) Australian Human Rights Commission, The Northern Territory ‘Emergency Response’ intervention – A human rights analysis. Accessed February 22, 2014. http://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/social_justice/sj_report/sjreport07/pdf/chap3.pdf. Australian Human Rights Commission, Social Justice Report 2007 Chapter 3: The Northern Territory Emergency Response intervention. Accessed February 22, 2014. http://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/social-justice-report-2007-chapter-3-northern-territory-emergency-response-intervention Museum of Australian Democracy, Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (Cth). Accessed February 19, 2014. http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-16.html. National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Canberra, Fact Sheet 8 – Abolition of the White Australia Policy. Accessed February 09, 2014. http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm. SBS. Factbox: Operation Sovereign Borders. News. http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/09/19/factbox-operation-sovereign-borders (accessed February 10, 2014). Thompson, Stephen. Migration Heritage Centre, Objects Through Time. Last modified 2011. (Accessed February 12, 2014) http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/immigration-restriction-act/. Transcript. No. 17 of 1901. No. 17 of 1901. Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, 1901. http://foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth4ii_doc_1901a.pdf. (accessed 10 Feb 2014). Other Skwirk.com. History of racist attitudes and fear, White Australia: Immigration Restriction Act 1901, Australia to 1914, SOSE: History Year 9, NSW | Online Education Home Schooling Skwirk Australia. 2014. http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-56_u-127_t-350_c-1213/history-of-racist-attitudes-and-fear/nsw/history-of-racist-attitudes-and-fear/australia-to-1914/white-australia-immigration-restriction-act-1901 (accessed 11 Feb) [1] An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of prohibited Immigrants (No.17 of 1901) [2] Term the Government uses instead of ‘Stop the Boats’ [3] Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (Cth) [4] Fact Sheet 8 – Abolition of the White Australia Policy [5] Fact Sheet 8 – Abolition of the White Australia Policy [6] Social Justice Report 2007 Chapter 3: The Northern Territory Emergency Response intervention [7] Northern Territory ‘Emergency Response’ intervention – A human rights analysis [8] Brough, M., (Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs), National emergency response to protect children in the NT, Media Release, 21 June 2007. [9] This Is Breaking People 2013, 3 12 [10] The truth about Manus Island: 2013 report [11] This Is Breaking People 2013, 3 [12] This Is Breaking People 2013, 4 [13] Factbox: Operation Sovereign Borders. September 19, 2013 [14] Transcript 1901, 1